Identity encryption is the practice of securing tokens, session states, and stored secrets using cryptographic algorithms to ensure data confidentiality across identity systems.

HR-driven deprovisioning is an automated security workflow where identity states in an IAM system are updated in real-time based on employee status changes within an HRIS.

Secrets management is the automated lifecycle governance of non-human credentials.

Hardware-backed biometrics refer to authentication mechanisms where the biometric capture, processing, and match validation occur entirely within a dedicated, physically isolated chip on the device.

Authentication controls are technical mechanisms that verify user identity against a directory or federation provider before issuing session tokens or granting access to protected applications.